Memory Systems and Methods for Improved Power Management

ABSTRACT

A memory module with multiple memory devices includes a buffer system that manages communication between a memory controller and the memory devices. Each memory device supports an access mode and a low-power mode, the latter used to save power for devices that are not immediately needed. The module provides granular power management using a chip-select decoder that decodes chip-select signals from the memory controller into power-state signals that determine which of the memory devices are in which of the modes. Devices can thus be brought out of the low-power mode in relatively small numbers, as needed, to limit power consumption.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to computer memory systems, and more particularlyto modular memory systems.

BACKGROUND

Computer memory systems commonly include a memory controller connectedto one or more memory modules via a memory channel or channels. In thiscontext, a “memory module” is a printed-circuit board that supports andinterconnects dynamic, random-access memory (DRAM) devices. Computervendors can offer different amounts of memory by installing more orfewer memory modules, and computer users can upgrade their computers byinstalling different or additional modules for improved capacity orperformance.

Lithographic feature size has shrunk for each generation of DRAMdevices. As a result, memory systems have steadily improved in bothstorage capacity and signaling rates. Unfortunately, one metric ofmemory-system design that has not shown comparable improvement is themodule capacity of a standard memory channel. That is, the number ofmemory modules that may be connected to a given memory channel has notgrown with module capacity and speed performance.

A key reason why module capacity has not grown with other performancemetrics is that each module attached to a given channel tends to degradesignals on the channel, necessitating an undesirable reduction in signalrates and concomitant reduction in speed performance. For this reason,modern memory systems are commonly limited to just one or two modulesper channel when operating at the maximum signaling rate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by wayof limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in whichlike reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1A depicts a memory system 100A in which a memory controller 105communicates with a memory module 103 via point-to-point data links1100[5:0], a point-to-point command-and-address (CA) link 112, and aclock link 114.

FIG. 1B depicts a memory system 100B in which a memory controller 105communicates with a pair of memory modules 103A and 103B via respectivesubsets of point-to-point data links 110[5:0], point-to-pointcommand-and-address (CA) link 112, and clock link 114.

FIGS. 1C and 1D depict additional configurations of data buffer 135.

FIG. 2 is a waveform diagram 200 illustrating a write transaction forthe two-module memory system 100B of FIG. 1B.

FIG. 3A depicts a memory system in which a memory controller 305 cancommunicate with up to six memory modules installed in slots 310 viapoint-to-point connections that extend across a motherboard 315.

FIG. 3B depicts the memory system of FIG. 3A in which each slot 310 isequipped with one of six fungible, configurable memory modules 335[A:F].

FIG. 3C depicts the memory system of FIG. 3A in which three of slots310[A:F] are equipped with a memory module (335B, 335D, and 335F) andthree are equipped with a conductivity module (340A, 340C, and 340E)that provides connectivity via traces 165.

FIG. 3D depicts the memory system of FIG. 3A in which two of slots310[A:F] are equipped with a memory module (335B and 335F) and four areequipped with conductivity modules (350A, 350C, 350D, and 350E) thatprovide connectivity via traces 165.

FIG. 3E depicts the memory system of FIG. 3A in which one of slots310[A:F] is equipped with a memory module (335F) and five are equippedwith conductivity modules (350A, 350B, 350C, 350D, and 350E) thatprovide connectivity via traces 165.

FIG. 4A depicts a configurable, variable-data-width memory module 400 inaccordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 4B depicts the left side of module 400 of FIG. 4A enlarged for easeof illustration.

FIG. 5A depicts a motherboard 500 supporting a memory system thatincludes a controller component 505, six connectors 510 to receiverespective memory modules, and contacts 515 and traces 520 to servicethose connectors.

FIG. 5B depicts motherboard 500 of FIG. 5A with six installed modules400.

FIG. 5C depicts the memory system of FIG. 5A in which one of theavailable connectors is equipped with a memory module 400 and theremaining five connectors are equipped with conductivity modules(550[A:E]) that provide connectivity via traces 565.

FIG. 5D, like FIG. 5B, depicts motherboard 500 with six installedmodules 400.

FIG. 6A details a portion of memory module 400, introduced in FIGS. 4Aand 4B, highlighting features and connectivity that supportpower-efficient access granularity.

FIG. 6B depicts chip-select decoder 610 of FIG. 6A in accordance withone embodiment.

FIG. 7A is a flowchart 700 illustrating how decoder 610 of FIGS. 6A and6B decodes commands on primary channel DCA[14:0] to support moregranular clock-enable functionality, and concomitant power-stategranularity and system efficiency.

FIG. 7B is a waveform diagram 750 showing the timing associated with theprocess of FIG. 7A.

FIG. 8A is a flowchart 800 illustrating how decoder 610 of FIGS. 6A and6B decodes commands on primary channel DCA[14:0] to support moregranular clock-enable functionality, and concomitant power efficiency,in accordance with another embodiment.

FIG. 8B is a waveform diagram 850 showing the timing associated with theprocess of FIG. 8A.

FIG. 9 depicts a memory system in which a single command link CAcommunicates command and address signals simultaneously to two bufferedmodules 900.

FIG. 10 depicts a memory system in which a single command link CAcommunicates command and address signals simultaneously to two bufferedmodules 1000.

FIG. 11 depicts a memory system in which a single command link CAcommunicates command and address signals simultaneously to two bufferedmodules 1100.

FIG. 12 depicts a memory system in which a single command link CAcommunicates command and address signals simultaneously to two bufferedmodules 1200.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1A depicts a memory system 100A in which a memory controller 105communicates with a memory module 103 via point-to-point data links110[5:0], a point-to-point command-and-address (CA) link 112, and aclock link 114. Clock link 114 and data links 110[1,3,5] traverse asystem motherboard 115 to arrive at respective pads 120 thatcollectively represent a module connector. Memory controller 100 can bepart of a central processing unit, or can be a separate integratedcircuit.

Memory module 103 is plugged into or otherwise physically connected topads 120 to establish electrical communication between controller 105and memory module 103. Data links 110[0,2,4] and CA link 112 alsotraverse motherboard 115, but are connected to memory module 103 via aconnectivity module 125 included for this purpose. Connectivity module125 includes passive electrical connections that communicate command andaddress signals CAuv and data signals DQ[4,2,0] to memory module 103.One or more of these connections can include active devices in otherembodiments. Each of links 110[5:0], 112, and 114 includes one or moresignal lines, and examples are detailed in connection with subsequentfigures.

Memory module 103 includes a module data interface 130 to communicatedata signals DQ[5:0] with controller 105 via signal lines external tothe module. A data buffer 135 coupled between module data interface 130and memory devices 140 manages and steers the flow of data signalsbetween devices 140 and controller 105. Devices 140 are dynamicrandom-access memory (DRAM) die in this example. Among other functions,buffer 135 can be programed to introduce propagation delays in read andwrite data signals. As discussed below, the programmable delay supportscapacity extensions that reduce or minimize loading effects that wouldotherwise hinder performance. Buffer 135 also functions as a signalbuffer, which in this context means that it intermediates between DRAMdevices 140 and the module interface to reduce loading on links DQ[5:0].Data buffer 135 is shown as a single component in this example, but itsfunctionality can be divided among multiple components.

Memory module 103 additionally includes a command input port 145 toreceive command and address signals CAuv from controller 105 and, alsoin support of capacity extensions, a command relay circuit 150 coupledto command port 145 to convey the commands and addresses from memorymodule 103. Relay circuit 150 is not used in this one-module example,but can be used to relay command and address signals to another memorymodule in systems that include one. Command logic 155 coupled to commandinput port 145 receives memory commands and addresses CAuv fromcontroller 105 and responsively issues command and address signals CAinto buffer 135 and devices 140.

A register 160 stores a configuration value that directs logic 155whether to power relay circuit 150 and how to configure the delay andsteering provided by buffer 135. In this single-module example, traces165 on connectivity module 125 passively direct command and data signalsas shown so that each of links 110[4,2,0] extends via a point-to-pointconnection to a corresponding data port of interface 130. Data buffer135 is configured to steer each data port to a corresponding one of DRAMdevices 140 and relay circuit 150 is disabled to save power.

Memory controller 105 communicates command and address signals CAuv toinitiate memory transactions (e.g., read and write transactions) to arank of six memory devices 140. As used herein, a “rank” is a set ofmemory devices accessed simultaneously to read and write data.Point-to-point command and data connections facilitate fast andefficient signaling between controller 105 and memory module 103. Memorytransactions and point-to-point signaling are familiar to those of skillin the art; a detailed discussion is therefore omitted for brevity.

FIG. 1B depicts a memory system 100B in which a memory controller 105communicates with a pair of memory modules 103A and 103B via respectivesubsets of the point-to-point data links 110[5:0], point-to-pointcommand-and-address (CA) link 112, and clock link 114. Memory system100B is similar to memory system 100A of FIG. 1A, with like-identifiedelements being the same or similar, but accesses to a rank of six memorydevices 140 are targeted to two three-device sub-ranks, one on each ofmemory modules 103A and 103B. Memory modules 103A and 103B can befungible but programmed to behave differently than one another. In otherembodiments memory modules 103A and 103B are purpose-built to perform inthe manner detailed below.

Memory modules 103A and 103B are configured differently responsive todifferent configuration values in their respective registers 160.Considering memory module 103A first, register 160 is programmed tocause command logic 155 to enable relay circuit 150 to convey commandand address signals CAuv to memory module 103B as delayed signals CAuv′.Relay circuit 150 is configured to impose a delay of one period of clocksignal CK in this embodiment, and to deliver delayed signals CAuv′ tomemory module 103B via a point-to-point interface 167. A selectabledelay element 169A in command logic 155A is configured to impose a delayof one period of clock signal CK to match the delay through relaycircuit 150 in delivering signals CAinA. In module 103B, relay circuit150 is powered down and selectable delay element 169B omits the delayimposed by the same element in module 103A. Command and address signalsCAinA and CAinB thus arrive at their respective DRAM devices 140 atapproximately the same time.

This two-module configuration provides point-to-point connections foreach data link. To accomplish this, data buffer 135 in each of memorymodules 103A and 103B is configured to connect its respective DRAMdevices 140 to only half the data links, links 110[4,2,0] for memorymodule 103A and links 110[5,3,1] for memory module 103B (each DQ can besteered to two different DRAMs, with the steering selection provided byCA logic 155A and 155B depending on address and/or rank). Switchablebuffers 135 in both memory modules 103A and 103B are additionallyconfigured to include delay elements 170 in the write-data signal paths.Delay elements 170 delay write data on interfaces DQA and DQB one clockcycle to match the additional clock cycle of delay imposed on signalsCAinA and CAinB. In the read direction, controller 105 adjusts itsstrobe-enable window to account for the delay Dly1 imposed by CA logic155A/B and the delay through data buffers 135, but the additional cycleof delay imposed by data buffers 135 for the write case is not required.Delay elements 175 in the read direction represent this retiming delayfor data moving between subranks of the DRAM devices 140 and links110[5:0].

FIGS. 1C and 1D depict additional configurations of data buffer 135.Memory modules 103 can be adapted for use in systems that employ morethan two modules for increased memory capacity. Some such systems aredetailed below and depicted in FIGS. 3A-3E. In support of suchconfigurations, data buffer 135 on each module 103 can selectivelyconnect each one of two data interfaces to three different DRAMs (FIG.1C) or selectively connect only one data interface to six differentDRAMs (FIG. 1D). Delays can be imposed in the data paths in the mannernoted above.

FIG. 2 is a timing diagram 200 illustrating a write transaction for thetwo-module memory system 100B of FIG. 1B. Signal names on the verticalaxis correspond to like-identified nodes in FIG. 1B. (In general,signals and their corresponding signal paths are similarly identified.Whether a given reference is to a signal or signal path will be clear incontext.) Time, along the horizontal axis, may not be representative ofa practical device, but is simplified for ease of illustration. Thegeneral timing of memory transactions (e.g., read and writetransactions) is well understood by those of skill in the art.

The write transaction starts when controller 105 issues a write commandWR on CA link 112 as signal CAuv. Relay circuit 150 of memory module103A imposes a delay Dly1 of one clock cycle and conveys the resultantdelayed signal CAuv′ to memory module 103B. CA logic 155 in each moduleinterprets write command WR to derive the appropriate command andaddress signals for their respective DRAM devices 140, a process thatimposes a delay Dly2. Delay circuit 169A delays signal CAinA by delayDly1 to generally align the timing of signal CAinA on module 103A withsignal CAinB on module 103B. The DRAM devices 140 on both memory modules103A and 103B thus receive their respective write commands and addressesCAinA and CAinB simultaneously. (In this context, “simultaneous” meanstimed to the same edge of a reference signal, although propagationdelays may prevent alignment of those same edges on different modules.)Data buffers 135 delay write data signals DQ[5:0] by delay Dly1 toaccount for the similar delay imposed on signals CAinA and CAinB. DRAMdevices 140 ultimately store the data responsive to signals CAinA andCAinB (although CA and DQ signals are shown aligned, fixed and/orprogrammable write latencies may offset the two by some number of clockcycles in an actual system). Read transactions are similar, but do notrequire data buffers 135 to impose the additional clock-cycle of delay.

Memory systems 100A and 100B offer single- and dual-module alternativesin which all data and command links are advantageously point-to-point insupport of high data rates. This advantage comes at a cost of one clockcycle of latency. Other embodiments support point-to-point connectivityfor greater numbers and more combinations of modules, in which case therelative importance of a small latency penalty diminishes.

FIG. 3A depicts a memory system in which a memory controller 305 cancommunicate with up to six memory modules installed in slots 310 viapoint-to-point connections that extend across a motherboard 315. Eachslot 310 represents e.g. a module connector or collection ofsurface-mount electrical contacts.

Memory controller 305 includes three CA ports CA[3:1] and six data portsDQ[a:f]. CA ports CA[3:1] issue identical command and address signals tothree of the six slots 310 via point-to-point links 320. Each data portcommunicates directly with one of slots 310 via a respective data link325. Additional links 330 extending between slots 310 can be used inconjunction with connectivity modules to establish other point-to-pointlinks, as detailed in the following examples.

FIG. 3B depicts the memory system of FIG. 3A in which each slot 310 isequipped with one of six fungible, configurable memory modules 335[A:F].Modules 335[A:F] are similar to memory modules 103A and 103B of FIGS. 1Aand 1B, for example including relay circuit 150 and delay element 169that function as explained previously. Other features of modules335[A:F] are omitted so as not to obscure the connectivity that supportsthis six-module configuration.

Each memory module includes a data buffer like buffer 135 of FIGS. 1Aand 1B that allows the module to connect DRAMS for a given command tocommunicate via one, two, three, or all six data ports DQ[a:f]. With sixmodules installed, each module 335 is configured to read and write viajust one of its data ports. Controller 305 has three CA ports CA[1:3].Pairs of modules are configured as in the example of FIG. 1B such thatboth are associated with one CA port, with one module in a pair relayingcommand and address signals to the other. For example, module 335Ereceives signals CA1 via a point-to-point link 320 and relays thosesignals to module 335F via a relay circuit 150. Delay element 169 andrelay circuit 150 are configured as detailed in connection with FIG. 1B.All the data and command links are advantageously point-to-point, albeitat the cost of an additional clock cycle of delay.

FIG. 3C depicts the memory system of FIG. 3A configured with three ofslots 310[A:F] equipped with a memory module (335B, 335D, and 335F) andthree slots equipped with a connectivity module (340A, 340C, and 340E)that provides connectivity via traces 165. There are three CA linksCA[1:3], one for each module, so none of the command and address signalsare buffered. The CA logic and relay circuitry (FIG. 1A) is thusprogrammed as in the single-module example of FIG. 1A and the additionalclock cycle of delay is avoided. The data buffer on each module 335B,335D, and 335F is configured to exchange read and write data with thecontroller via just two of the six data ports. As before, all the dataand command links are point-to-point.

FIG. 3D depicts the memory system of FIG. 3A configured with two ofslots 310[A:F] equipped with a memory module (335B and 335F) and fourslots equipped with connectivity modules (350A, 350C, 350D, and 350E)that provide connectivity via traces 165. The command link for CA2 isnot used, and none of the command and address signals are buffered. TheCA logic and relay circuitry (FIG. 1A) is thus programmed as in thesingle-module example of FIG. 1A. The data buffer on each module 335Band 335F (FIG. 1A) is configured to exchange read and write data withthe controller via just three of the six data ports, and all the dataand command links are advantageously point-to-point.

FIG. 3E depicts the memory system of FIG. 3A configured with one ofslots 310[A:F] equipped with a memory module (335F) and five slotsequipped with connectivity modules (355A, 355B, 355C, 355D, and 3550E)that provide connectivity via traces 165. The command links for CA2 andCA3 are not used, and none of the command and address signals arebuffered. The CA logic and relay circuitry (FIG. 1A) of module 335F isthus programmed as in the single-module example of FIG. 1A, and the databuffer on module 335F (FIG. 1A) is configured to exchange read and writedata with the controller via all six data ports. The data and commandlinks are all point-to-point.

FIG. 4A depicts a configurable, variable-data-width memory module 400 inaccordance with another embodiment. Module 400 includes eighteen DRAMcomponents 405 on each side, for a total of 36 components. Eachcomponent 405 includes two ×4 DRAM devices, so module 400 includes atotal of 72 DRAM devices. Different data widths and different numbers ofcomponents and devices can be used in other embodiments.

Module 400 includes three sets of three interconnected data-buffercomponents 410, or “data buffers.” Each set of three components steersdata from twelve DRAM components 405 to and from six data ports DQ of amodule interface 412. Each DRAM component 405 communicates four-bit-wide(×4, or a “nibble”) data DQ and complementary strobe signals DQSand/DQS, for a total of six data bus connections. Data-buffer components410 in each interconnected group of three can transfer data laterallybetween themselves.

A command-buffer component (CAB) 415—alternatively called a “RegisteredClock Driver” (RCD)—interprets command, address, and chip-select signalson a command port DCA to control memory components 405, data buffers410, and a relay circuit 420 that can selectively forwards signals onport DCA to another module via port QCA with one clock cycle of delay. Aclock-enable port DCKE issues clock-enable signals used to control thepower state of e.g. CAB 415 in a manner discussed below. DQ buffers 410,CAB 415, and relay circuit 420 are all part of a buffer system 417 thatprovides complete buffering of command, address, clock, and datasignals. The buffer system can have more or fewer components, and canbuffer more or fewer signals or signal types in other embodiments.

Module commands on port DCA direct module 400 to perform memoryoperations, such as to read from or write to components 405. Addressesassociated with the commands identify target collections of memory cells(not shown) in components 405, and chip-select signals associated withthe commands allow CAB 415 to select subsets of integrated-circuitdevices, or “chips,” for both access and power-state management. Adifferential clock signal (FIG. 6 ) provides reference timing frommodule 400. Buffer components 410 and CAB 415 each act as a signalbuffer to reduce loading on module interface 412. This reduced loadingis in large part due to the fact that each buffer component presents asingle load to module interface 412 in lieu of the multiple DRAM deviceseach buffer component serves.

The leftmost three buffer components 410 can connect one device to oneof the six ×6 data/strobe ports DQ/DQS, three devices to three of portsDQ/DQS, or six devices to the six ports DQ/DQS. The center and rightmostcollections of three buffer components 410 offer similar connectivity.Buffers 410 are “dual-nibble” buffers in this example, and each serves×4 DRAM devices. However, data widths and the ratio of memory components405 to data buffers 410 can be different, and some or all of thesteering and delay functionality attributed to buffers 410 can beincorporated into the memory devices or elsewhere in memory components405.

The extra buffer 410 and related DRAM components 405 on the right sideof module 400 are included in this embodiment to support error checkingand correction (ECC). For example, a form of ECC developed by IBM andgiven the trademark Chipkill™ can be incorporated into module 400 toprotect against any single memory device failure, or to correctmulti-bit errors from any portion of a single memory device. Buffercomponents 410 can steer data as necessary to substitute a failed orimpaired device.

FIG. 4B depicts the left side of module 400 of FIG. 4A enlarged for easeof illustration. Module 400 is backward compatible with what isconventionally termed a “DDR4 LRDIMM chipset.” DDR4 (for“double-data-rate, version 4”) is a type of DRAM device, and LRDIMM (for“load-reduced, dual inline memory module”) is a type of memory modulethat employs a separate system of buffers to facilitate communicationwith the memory devices. Those of skill in the art are familiar withboth DDR4 memory and LRDIMM modules, so detailed treatments of thesetechnologies are omitted here. The following discussion highlightsaspects of DDR4 LRDIMM circuitry relevant to certain improvements.

DQ buffers 410 are disposed across the bottom of module 400 to minimizestub lengths and concomitant skew between data bits. The operation ofmodule 400 in an LRDIMM mode is consistent with that of LRDIMM servercomponents that employ DDR4 memory. Briefly, CAB 415 registers andre-drives signals from the memory controller to access DRAM components405. CAB 415 interprets each controller command (e.g., in a mannerconsistent with the DDR4 specification) and conveys correspondingcommands to DRAM components 405 via secondary buses 425L and 425R. Thesignals for secondary busses 425L and 425R are specific to the installedmemory devices, and the timing, format, and other parameters of thosesignals are specified for commercially available devices in a mannerwell understood by those of skill in the art.

DQ buffers 410 provide load isolation for read, write, and strobesignals to and from components 405, and each buffer receives controlsignals via one of private busses 430L, 430M, and 430R to e.g. preparethem for the direction of data flow. Private busses 430L, 430M, and 430Rcan also convey mode-selection information that can alter the waybuffers 410 convey data. For example, CAB 415 can configure buffers 410to induce required delays and to steer data for different configurationsof subranks to all or a specified subset of the DQ ports. Connections435 between buffers 410 convey commands and configuration informationfrom CAB 415, and also communicate data in configurations that steerdata.

FIG. 5A depicts a motherboard 500 supporting a memory system thatincludes a controller component 505, six connectors 510 to receiverespective memory modules, and contacts 515 and traces 520 to servicethose connectors. Using connectivity modules as needed, motherboard 500can support one, two, three, or six modules in the manner discussedpreviously in connection with FIGS. 3A-3E.

FIG. 5B depicts motherboard 500 of FIG. 5A with six installed modules400. The data buffers 410 (see FIGS. 4A and 4B) of each module areconfigured in this configuration to each communicate via a single dataport DQ. Rather than the generic label “DQ” used in FIGS. 4A and 4B, theports on each module 400 are labeled with a respective identifier fromcontroller component 505 to readily illustrate the point-to-point signalpaths between controller component 505 and each module 400. As in theexample of FIG. 3B, controller component 505 has three command portsCA[2:0], and pairs of modules are configured as in the example of FIG.1B such that both share one command port, with one module of each pairrelaying command and address signals to the other. For example, theleftmost module 400 receives signals CA0 via a point-to-point link andrelays those signals to the adjacent module 400 via a relay circuit 420(FIG. 4B). The relays and buffers are configured as detailed inconnection with FIG. 1B.

FIG. 5C depicts the memory system of FIG. 5A in which one of theavailable connectors is equipped with a memory module 400 and theremaining five connectors are equipped with connectivity modules(550[A:E]) that provide connectivity via traces 565. The command linksfor CA0 and CA1 are not used, and none of the command and addresssignals are buffered. The CA logic and relay buffer (see FIG. 4A) ofmodule 400 are thus programmed as in the single-module example of FIG.1A, and module 400 is configured to read and write via all eighteen dataports DQ[17:0].

FIG. 5D, like FIG. 5B, depicts motherboard 500 with six installedmodules 400. As detailed in FIGS. 4A and 4B, each module 400 includesnine data buffers 410, each directly connected to four memory components405, and each component 405 includes two DRAM devices (not shown). Eachmodule therefore includes 9×4×2=72 DRAM devices, and the six-modulesystem of FIG. 5D includes 72×6=432 DRAM devices.

Data connectivity is distributed from controller component 505 to thesix modules in the manner detailed in connection with FIGS. 5A and 5B.Controller component 505 includes a controller interface 507 witheighteen ×4 data ports DQ[17:0], three of which are served by each ofthe six modules 400. The leftmost module 400, for example, servicesports DQ[2,8,14] in this embodiment. Still referencing the leftmostmodule 400, CAB 415 and data buffers 410 steer signals from threeselected DRAM devices to ports DQ[2,8,14] for every read or writetransaction. The remaining modules 400 similarly steer data to and fromthree data ports to an active set of three DRAM devices for eachtransaction.

FIG. 5D illustrates an active rank of eighteen DRAM devices bycross-hatching three DRAM components 405 on each module 400. Bold lineshighlight the connectivity provided by data buffers 410 at the directionof CAB 415. Each module 400 supports 24 such combinations ofthree-device “sub-ranks,” giving the six-module system support for 24eighteen-device ranks. As used herein, a “sub-rank” is a module-specificfraction of a memory rank, with the rank distributed across multiplememory modules.

Each memory transaction activates an entire rank. In some memorysystems, a rank refers to a set of memory devices on one module andconnected to the same chip-select for simultaneous access. Memorymodules commonly include multiple ranks. Assuming modules of the typeand capacity of module 400, such a module would enable one of a numberof eighteen-device ranks on each module for each memory transaction.Enabling a memory device consumes power, so enabling eighteen devices oneach module when only three are required, or 108 devices in a systemwhen only eighteen are required, is wasteful. Embodiments of module 400are thus adapted to afford considerably greater activation granularitythan was previously available in this type of memory system. Inparticular, CAB 415 and DQ buffer 410 support sub-rank activationgranularities that considerably reduce power consumption when ranks aredistributed across memory modules.

FIG. 6A details a portion of memory module 400, introduced in FIGS. 4Aand 4B, highlighting features and connectivity that supportpower-efficient access granularity. Relay circuit 420 is shown as anarrow forwarding signals DCA[14:0] as signals QCA[14:0]. The purpose ofrelay circuit 420 is as detailed previously. CAB 415 is shown with oneof the nine data buffers 410 and the four DRAM components 405 with whichthe buffer directly communicates. As noted previously, in someconfigurations buffer 410 communicates with DRAM components 405 viaadjacent buffers 410 via connections 435. Each component 405 includes apair of DRAM devices 600, and the four components 405 associated withone buffer 410 are distinguished using a two-place alphanumericdesignation (A0, A1, B0, and B1). Each device 600 is distinguished usingsimilar alphanumeric designations for the ports on secondary bus 425L.Secondary bus 425L, private bus 430L, data connections 435, and theirassociated signal names are detailed relative to their introduction inFIGS. 4A and 4B.

DQ buffer 410 includes two “nibble” data ports DQp[3:0],DQSp[0]± andDQp[7:4],DQSp[1]± on the controller side (or “processor” side), where“DQSp[#]±” specifies two-line differential strobes; and includes similardata ports DQ[3:0],DQSp[0]± and DQ[7:4],DQSp[1]± on the DRAM side. Dataconnections 435 convey data and strobe signals on linesDQy[3:0],DQSy[0]± in support of width configurability as notedpreviously, and ×16 commands BCOM[11:0], BCK±, BCKE, BODT on private bus430L direct data and otherwise configure buffer 410. These signals aregenerally well documented and understood by those of skill in the art,with a few modifications detailed below. Briefly, signal BCOM[11:0]receives commands that tell buffer 410 which DRAM device 600 tocommunicate with and how to steer the data. BCK± is a differential clocksignal, BCKE is a clock-enable signal that allows buffer 410 to e.g.selectively power its interface circuits for improved efficiency, andBODT controls on-die-termination elements in buffer 410 for impedancematching.

Each DRAM device 600 communicates with buffer 410 via a data-and-strobeport DQ[3:0],DQS±, and communicates with CAB 415 over secondary bus 425Lvia ports QA/BODT[#], QA/BCKE[#]; QA/BCS[i]; andQRST,QA/BCA[23:0],QA/BCK±. Devices 600 are conventional, and their inputcontrol signals and ports are well documented and understood by those ofskill in the art. Briefly, signals QA/BODT[#] control the on-dietermination values for each DRAM device 600; signals QA/BCKE[#] (the“CKE” for “clock-enable”), are used to switch devices 600 between activeand low-power states; QA/BCS[i] are chip-select signals that determinewhich of the eight devices 600, if any, is active for a given memorytransaction; QRST is a reset signal common to all devices 600;QA/BCA[23:0] are command and address ports; and QA/BCK±receive adifferential clock signal that serves as a timing reference.

CAB 415 includes a number of conventional circuits that are omitted herefor brevity. Such circuits may include a phase-locked loop, training andbuilt-in self-test (BIST) logic, a command buffer, and a commanddecoder. These and other circuits are well understood by those of skillin the art, and details unrelated to the present disclosure are omittedfor brevity. The primary signals employed to increase enable granularityin support of improved power efficiency are highlighted in bold font.

At the left in CAB 415: (a) a sideband port 12C can be used tocommunicate low-speed signals for e.g. controlling CAB 415 before themain command port is calibrated; (b) clock-enable signal DCKE isaccompanied by a differential clock signal DCK±; and (c) commandinterface DCA[14:0] receives commands in sets of two consecutivefifteen-bit chunks so that each command is up to thirty bits (e.g., sixchip-select bits, one parity bit, one activate bit, two group addressbits, two bank-address bits, and eighteen lower-order address bits).

At the right in CAB 415: (a) a sixteen-bit port communicates commandsignals BCOM[11:0], a differential clock signal BCK±, clock-enablesignal BCKE, and on-die-termination signal BODT to data buffers 410; (b)signal QAODT[0] controls on-die termination, and memory-deviceclock-enable signals QACKE[5:0] control clock-enable for the DRAMdevices 600 in component 405A0 for each DQ buffer 410; (c) signalQAODT[1] controls on-die termination and clock-enable signalsQACKE[11:6] control clock-enable for the DRAM devices 600 in component405A1 for each DQ buffer 410; (d) memory-device chip-select signalsQACS[11:0] are chip-select signals to each DRAM device 600 in components405A0 and 405A1 for each DQ buffer 410; (e) signals QRST, QACA[23:0],QACK± reset, issue commands, and express acknowledge signals to the DRAMdevices 600 in components 405A0 and 405A1 for each DQ buffer 410 (f)signal QBODT[0] controls on-die termination and clock-enable signalsQBCKE[5:0] control clock-enable for the DRAM devices 600 in component405B0 for each DQ buffer 410; (g) signal QBODT[1] controls on-dietermination and clock-enable signals QBCKE[11:6] control clock-enablefor the DRAM devices 600 in component 405B1 for each DQ buffer 410; (h)signal QBCS[11:0] issues chip-select signals to each DRAM device 600 incomponents 405B0 and 405B1 for each DQ buffer 410; and (i) signals QRST,QBCA[23:0], QBCK± reset, issue commands, and express acknowledge signalsto the DRAM devices 600 in components 405B0 and 405B1 for each DQ buffer410.

CAB 415 drives twenty-four memory-device clock-enable signals,QACKE[11:0] and QBCKE[11:0], for power-state control. Each clock-enablesignal is conveyed from a clock-enable node on CAB 415 to a group ofthree devices 600. The twenty-four clock-enable ports corresponding toclock-enable signals QACKE[11:0] and QBCKE[11:0] thus support all 72memory devices (3×24=72) with three-device enable granularity.

Clock-enable signals QACKE[11:0] and QBCKE[11:0] can be used toselectively direct ranks or sub-ranks of memory devices 600 to respondto commands to enter or exit a self-refresh state or a power-down state.(Suitable commands are discussed below.) CAB 415 can be programmed toassert sets of clock-enable signals QACKE[11:0] and QBCKE[11:0] tocombine one or more groups of three memory devices in support ofdifferent module-width configurations. Using the example of the memorysystem of FIGS. 5A-5D, in an N-module memory system, 18/3N sets of threedevices can be enabled on each module to enable a full rank of eighteendevices. Motherboard 500 includes six modules in FIG. 5D, so each module400 enables one (18/3(6)=1) three-device sub-rank, using a correct oneof the 24 secondary CKEs in that example. A rank of eighteen devices isthus distributed across the six modules 400 when the motherboard isfully populated. Motherboard 500 includes one module in FIG. 5C, so thatone module 400 enables six (18/3(1)=6) three-device sub-ranks at a time,using six of the 24 secondary CKEs, to enable a full eighteen-devicerank.

Controller component 505 (FIG. 5A) issues commands DCA[14:0] andclock-enable signals DCKE on like-identified ports to like-identifiedports on CAB 415. Command signals DCA[14:0] are forwarded via a CA relaycircuit 420 as discussed above in connection with FIGS. 4A and 4B.Signal DCKE controls the power state of CAB 415, allowing controllercomponent 505 to cause CAB to enter or exit a low-power mode. In thisembodiment, CAB 415 controls a clock-enable signal BCKE to buffers 410so that CAB 415 and associated data buffers 410 can all enter and exitthe low-power mode responsive to signal DCKE. In other embodimentssubsets of data buffers 410 can be separately enabled and disabled.

A command decoder (not shown) in CAB 415 decodes commands that arrivevia port DCA[14:0] from controller component 505. Such commands are wellknown, so a detailed treatment is omitted. A chip-select decoder 610 isincluded to decode chip-select signals that accompany module commands.Normally used only to select DRAM devices for access, decoder 610 alsodecodes chip-select signals in this embodiment to generate deviceclock-enable signals. This approach supports granular clock-enablefunctionality that allows module 400 to leave memory devices that arenot the target of an access command (e.g., a read or write command) in alow-power state. In this example, chip-select decoder 610 receives fullencoded chip-select information from controller component 505 anddecodes this information to selectively assert a correct subset ofclock-enable signals QACKE[11:0] and QBCKE[11:0]. The specific group ofsignals so asserted is based in part on the width configuration of themodule.

FIG. 6B depicts chip-select decoder 610 of FIG. 6A in accordance withone embodiment. A configuration register 615 stores a value indicativeof the module's configuration, informing decoder 610 which data portsare active on the module in the specific configuration. In FIG. 5C, forexample, all 18 data ports are active, whereas only three data ports areactive for each module 400 in the configuration of FIG. 5B. Decoder 610combines the configuration information with incoming thirty-bit commandson port DCA[14:0] to determine which of clock-enable signals QACKE[11:0]and QBCKE[11:0] to assert and which to de-assert, depending on whichranks are currently to be in self-refresh or power-down mode and whichare not. Decoder 610 includes decode logic 620 and a set/reset register625. Upon detecting a power-down entry signal PDE, decode logic 620issues a twenty-four-bit reset signal to de-assert the requisite ones ofclock-enable signals QACKE[11:0] and QBCKE[11:0] to power down those ofdevices 600 indicated by configuration register 615. Register 625 holdsthat state, and thus the selected devices in the low-power mode, untildecode logic 620 receives a power-down-exit command PDX and responsivelyresets register 625 to assert some or all of enable signals QACKE[11:0]and QBCKE[11:0]. (In this example, clock-enable signals QACKE[11:0] andQBCKE[11:0] are asserted high to enable memory devices, but whetherthese or other signals discussed herein are active low or active high isunimportant.)

DRAM devices 600 are DDR4 SDRAM in the embodiment of FIGS. 6A and 6B,though different types of memory devices can be used. Manufacturers ofsuch devices publish data books detailing all aspects of their devicesrequired for use. Data books for DDR4 memory devices describe commandsformatted specifically for DDR4 devices. Such commands are conveyed fromCAB 415 to devices 600 via secondary bus 425L (and 425R of FIGS. 4A and4B). Each device 600 is only receptive to commands if its respectivechip-select signal (e.g., QACS[i]) is asserted. CAB 415 interpretscommands from controller component 505 via primary bus DCA[14:0] toselect from among the DRAM commands and to determine to which devices600 those commands apply. In the case of the DDR4 devices 600 in thisexample, the following commands direct device behavior:

TABLE 1 DDR4 Memory Commands Mode Register Set MRS Refresh REF SelfRefresh Entry SRE Self Refresh Exit SRX Single Bank Precharge PREPrecharge all Banks PREA Reserved for Future Use RFU Bank Activate ACTWrite (Fixed BL8 or BC4) WR Write (BC4, on the Fly) WRS4 Write (BL8, onthe Fly) WRS8 Write with Auto Precharge (Fixed BL8 or BC4) WRA Writewith Auto Precharge (BC4, on the Fly) WRAS4 Write with Auto Precharge(BL8, on the Fly) WRAS8 Read (Fixed BL8 or BC4) RD Read (BC4, on theFly) RDS4 Read (BL8, on the Fly) RDS8 Read with Auto Precharge (FixedBL8 or BC4) RDA Read with Auto Precharge (BC4, on the Fly) RDAS4 Readwith Auto Precharge (BL8, on the Fly) RDAS8 No Operation NOP DeviceDeselected DES Power Down Entry PDE Power Down Exit PDX ZQ calibrationLong ZQCL ZQ calibration Short ZQCS

Data books are publically available, and their use in creating systemsthat incorporate memory devices is well understood by those of skill inthe art. Details about signaling schemes and command sets are thereforeomitted here to the extent they are not related to power-state controlfunctionality that improves power-state granularity for improved systemefficiency.

Four of the above-listed DDR4 memory commands are of interest here:Power-Down Entry (PDE), Power-Down Exit (PDX), Self-Refresh Entry (SRE),and Self-Refresh Exit (SRX). Their format is detailed in the followingtable, in which L stands for the signal value “low,” H for “high,” X for“don't care,” and V for “Valid” (e.g., a valid address). These commandscan be accompanied by a parity bit (not shown).

TABLE 2 DDR4 Modified Commands CKE RASn/ CASn/ Wen/ A12/ A17, A13, A10/Abbr P C CSn ACTn A16 A15 A14 BG[1:0] BA[1:0] C2-C0 BCn A11 AP A0-A9 SREH L L H L L H V V V V V V V SRX L H H X X X X X X X X X X X L H H H H VV V V V V V . . . PDE H L H X X X X X X X X X X X PDX L H H X X X X X XX X X X X

The columns identifying the command bits are:

TABLE 3 Command Fields CKE Clock Enable, with P and C for Previous andCurrent clock cycle CSn Chip Select (“n” for active low) ACTn ActivateRASn/A16 Row Access Strobe/Address bit 16 CASn/A15 Column AccessStrobe/Address bit 15 WEn/A14 Write Enable/Address bit 14 BG[1:0] BankGroup BA[1:0] Bank Address C2-C0 Encoded chip-select signals for 3Dstacked DRAMS A12/BCn Address bit 12/Burst Chop A17, A13, A11 Addressbits 17, 13, and 11 A10/AP Address bit 10/Autoprecharge A0-A9 Addressbits 9:0

Commands PDE and PDX are available to cause a device 600 to enter andexit a power-down mode in which the device does not self-refresh, andtherefore does not maintain stored data. These signals normally controlthe assertion and de-assertion of clock-enable signals, but are not usedin the embodiment of FIGS. 6A and 6B. Instead, commands SRE and SRX aremodified to support their original respective functions and to replacecommands PDE and PDX for controlling each DRAM device 600.

Considering Self-Refresh Entry SRE first, if a command from controllercomponent 505 requires some set of devices 600 to be placed into alow-power self-refresh mode, decoder 610 issues command SRE with bitA12/BCn low L. CAB 415 identifies which devices are the target of thecommand by decoding chip-select signals from controller component 505, aprocess detailed below. Command SRX is similarly extended to supportcommand PDX, which removes devices 600 from the self-refresh mode if bitA12/BCn is low, or from the power-down mode if bit A12/BCn is high.Because clock-enable signals are decoded from chip-select signals,command bits CKE P and CKE C are not required for SRE, SRX, or any ofthe other supported device commands.

FIG. 7A is a flowchart 700 illustrating how decoder 610 of FIGS. 6A and6B decodes commands on primary channel DCA[14:0] to support moregranular clock-enable functionality, and concomitant power-stategranularity and system efficiency. This example relates to a memorytransaction (e.g., read or write) directed to as few as three and asmany as eighteen of the seventy-two devices 600 on a module 400 in whichCAB 415, buffers 410, and devices 600 are all in low-power states.

To begin, controller component 505 asserts clock-enable signal DCKE. CAB415 responsively awakens from the low-power state (705) and assertssignal BCKE (710) to awaken buffers 410. Controller component 505conveys a thirty-bit power-down exit PDX command 715 on bus DCA[14:0]over two successive clock cycles. Command 715 includes eighteen commandbits DC[17:0], two bank-group bits BG[1:0], two bank-address bitsBA[1:0], six chip-select bits CSu[2:0] and CSv[2:0], an activate bitACT, and a parity bit PAR. Decode logic 620 can retime the twofifteen-bit portions into a half-rate thirty-bit command for use insideCAB 415. Decode logic 620 decodes chip-select bits CSu[2:0] and CSv[2:0]and combines this information with configuration signal Config toidentify the subset of devices 600 that are the target of a subsequentactivate command (720). Decoder 610 asserts whichever of clock-enablesignals QACKE[11:0] and QBCKE[11:0] are required to awaken the targetdevices 600 (725). Register 625 holds these values until reset by asubsequent command SRE or PDE command. CAB 415 can reset register 625when devices 600 are not in use (e.g., after some delay since the lastaccess). In such cases, controller 505 tracks that delay to know when toissue a PDX command before a subsequent access. Controller 505 could dothis by retaining a copy of register bits 625 and including orreferencing delay counters.

CAB 415 issues a power-down exit (PDX) command on secondary bus 425Lusing the SRX format noted above and setting bit A12/BC_n to a logic 1(730). Module 400 is thus prepared to receive a subsequent activatecommand from controller component 505. The activate command follows thesame command format at command 715, including the six chip-select bitsCSu[2:0] and CSv[2:0]. CAB 415 decodes these chip-select bits to assertwhichever of the device chip-select signals QACS[11:0] and QBCS[11:0]are needed to complete the memory transaction.

FIG. 7B is a timing diagram 750 showing the timing associated with theprocess of FIG. 7A. CAB 415 converts a PDX command from controllercomponent 505 into an assertion of clock-enable signals to DRAM devices600. The clock-enable signals are asserted a time tXPDLL before anactivate command ACT.

Chip-select decoder 610 is part of CAB 415 in this example, but all orpart of the command-decoding logic can be placed elsewhere. In otherembodiments, for example, data buffers otherwise like DQ buffers 410control the chip-select and/or clock-enable signals to each device 600responsive to signals from CAB 415.

FIG. 8A is a flowchart 800 illustrating how decoder 610 of FIGS. 6A and6B decodes commands on primary channel DCA[14:0] to support moregranular clock-enable functionality, and concomitant power efficiency,in accordance with another embodiment. As in the example of FIGS. 7A and7B, this example relates to a memory transaction directed to as few asthree and as many as eighteen of the seventy-two devices 600 on a module400.

To begin, controller component 505 asserts clock-enable signal DCKE. CAB415 responsively awakens from the low-power state (805) and assertssignal BCKE (810) to awaken buffers 410. Controller component 505 thenconveys a thirty-bit activate command ACT 815 on bus DCA[14:0] over twosuccessive clock cycles. Command 815 includes eighteen command bitsDC[17:0], two bank-group bits BG[1:0], two bank-address bits BA[1:0],six chip-select bits CSu[2:0] and CSv[2:0], an activate bit ACT, and aparity bit PAR. Decode logic 620 can retime the two fifteen-bit portionsinto a half-rate thirty-bit command for use inside CAB 415.

Decode logic 620 decodes the chip-select bits CSu[2:0] and CSv[2:0] ofcommand 815 and combines this information with configuration signalConfig to identify the subset of devices 600 that are the target of theactivate command (820). Decoder 610 then asserts whichever ofclock-enable signals QACKE[11:0] and QBCKE[11:0] are required to awakenthe target devices 600 (825). These values are used to set, and are thusstored within, register 625. CAB 415 issues a power-down exit commandPDX on secondary bus 425L using the SRX format noted above and settingbit A12/BC_n to a logic 1 (830). With the clock-enabled devices 600 thusprepared, CAB 415 issues an activate command ACT on secondary bus 425L(835) while asserting whichever of the device chip-select signalsQACS[11:0] and QBCS[11:0] are needed to complete the memory transaction.Device chip-selection is based on the same device chip-select bitsCSu[2:0] and CSv[2:0] of command 815 used for clock enable.

FIG. 8B is a timing diagram 850 showing the timing associated with theprocess of FIG. 8A. The activate command 815 issued by controllercomponent 505 is decoded by CAB 415 and clock signals QACKE/QBCKE areasserted after a delay tBUF. Controller component 505 then issues a readcommand RD after a delay tRCS. In this embodiment, CAB 415 uses aninternal pipeline—not shown—to delay all commands by time tXPDLLregardless of whether a rank is powered up or down. For example, CAB 415asserts an activate command ACTs on the secondary bus to DRAM devices600 after a time tXPDLL from the primary activate command ACT, andissues a read command RDs on the secondary bus after the same delay.DRAM devices convey data DQs to CAB 415 after a delay tCAC from thesecondary read command, and CAB 415 sends that data on to controllercomponent 505 after a buffer delay tBUF. As with the embodiment of FIGS.7A and 7B, all or part of the command-decoding logic can be placedoutside of CAB 415.

FIG. 9 depicts a memory system in which a single command link CAcommunicates command and address signals simultaneously to two bufferedmodules 900. This type of connection, termed a “point-to-two-point”connection, does not support the highest speed performance availablefrom a point-to-point connection, but can be used without introducinglatency in the manner of the embodiments detailed above.

FIG. 10 depicts a memory system in which a single command link CAcommunicates command and address signals simultaneously to two bufferedmodules 1000. This type of connection, termed a “fly-by” connection,also tends to be slower than a point-to-point connection, but can beused without introducing additional latency.

FIG. 11 depicts a memory system in which a single command link CAcommunicates command and address signals simultaneously to two bufferedmodules 1100. This connectivity is similar to that of FIG. 10 , but theCA connectivity is provided to the second module 1100 via the firstmodule 1100. Similar to FIG. 10 , it can also be used withoutintroducing additional latency.

FIG. 12 depicts a memory system in which a single command link CAcommunicates command and address signals simultaneously to two bufferedmodules 1200. This connection uses a power splitter with threeresistors, each of a value one-third that of a termination resistance Ron each module 1200. As in the examples of FIGS. 9, 10, and 11 , thisconnectivity tends to be slower than point-to-point but does not requirelatency be inserted into the command path.

In the foregoing description and in the accompanying drawings, specificterminology and drawing symbols are set forth to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the present invention. In some instances, theterminology and symbols may imply specific details that are not requiredto practice the invention. For example, the interconnection betweencircuit elements or circuit blocks may be shown or described asmulti-conductor or single conductor signal lines. Each of themulti-conductor signal lines may alternatively be single-conductorsignal lines, and each of the single-conductor signal lines mayalternatively be multi-conductor signal lines. Similarly, signalsdescribed or depicted as having active-high or active-low logic levelsmay have opposite logic levels in alternative embodiments.

With respect to terminology, a signal is said to be “asserted” when thesignal is driven to a low or high logic state (or charged to a highlogic state or discharged to a low logic state) to indicate a particularcondition. Conversely, a signal is said to be “de-asserted” to indicatethat the signal is driven (or charged or discharged) to a state otherthan the asserted state (including a high or low logic state, or thefloating state that may occur when the signal driving circuit istransitioned to a high impedance condition, such as an open drain oropen collector condition). A signal driving circuit is said to “output”a signal to a signal receiving circuit when the signal driving circuitasserts (or de-asserts, if explicitly stated or indicated by context)the signal on a signal line coupled between the signal driving andsignal receiving circuits. A signal line is said to be “activated” whena signal is asserted on the signal line, and “deactivated” when thesignal is de-asserted.

An output of a process for designing an integrated circuit, or a portionof an integrated circuit, comprising one or more of the circuitsdescribed herein may be a computer-readable medium such as, for example,a magnetic tape or an optical or magnetic disk. The computer-readablemedium may be encoded with data structures or other informationdescribing circuitry that may be physically instantiated as anintegrated circuit or portion of an integrated circuit. Although variousformats may be used for such encoding, these data structures arecommonly written in Caltech Intermediate Format (CIF), Calma GDS IIStream Format (GDSII), or Electronic Design Interchange Format (EDIF).Those of skill in the art of integrated circuit design can develop suchdata structures from schematic diagrams of the type detailed above andthe corresponding descriptions and encode the data structures oncomputer readable medium. Those of skill in the art of integratedcircuit fabrication can use such encoded data to fabricate integratedcircuits comprising one or more of the circuits described herein.

While memory systems have been described in connection with specificembodiments, variations of these embodiments are also envisioned. Theseexamples are in no way exhaustive, as many alternatives within the scopeof the claims will be obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art.Moreover, some components are shown directly connected to one anotherwhile others are shown connected via intermediate components. In eachinstance the method of interconnection, or “coupling,” establishes somedesired electrical communication between two or more circuit nodes, orterminals. Such coupling may often be accomplished using a number ofcircuit configurations, as will be understood by those of skill in theart. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should notbe limited to the foregoing description. For U.S. applications, onlythose claims specifically reciting “means for” or “step for” should beconstrued in the manner required under the sixth paragraph of 35 U.S.C.§ 112.

1. (canceled)
 2. A command-buffer component comprising: a controllerinterface to receive a controller command and a controller clock-enablesignal; a decoder to decode the controller command to a first number ofmemory-device clock-enable signals; and memory interfaces to connect thecommand-buffer component to a second number of memory devices and conveythe first number of memory-device clock-enable signals to respectiveones of the second number of memory devices.
 3. The command-buffercomponent of claim 2, wherein the first number is less than the secondnumber.
 4. The command-buffer component of claim 3, further comprising aregister to store a value indicative of the first number.
 5. Thecommand-buffer component of claim 3, the decoder to decode chip-selectsignals from the controller command, the chip-select signals to identifya subset of the memory devices, and direct the first number ofclock-enable signals to the subset of the memory devices responsive tothe decoded chip-select signals.
 6. The command-buffer component ofclaim 2, further comprising buffer-command ports to connect to databuffers that communicate data to and from the memory devices.
 7. Thecommand-buffer component of claim 6, the buffer-command ports toselectively issue data-buffer-enable signals to subsets of the databuffers.
 8. The command-buffer component of claim 7, the buffer-commandports to selectively issue the data-buffer-enable signals responsive tothe controller clock-enable signal.
 9. The command-buffer component ofclaim 2, the command-buffer component to awaken responsive to thecontroller clock-enable signal.
 10. The command-buffer component ofclaim 2, wherein the controller command includes address bits.
 11. Thecommand-buffer component of claim 10, wherein the controller commandincludes an activate bit.
 12. The command-buffer component of claim 2,the decoder to receive the controller command at a first rate and retimethe command to a slower second rate.
 13. A method for selectivelychanging power states for a command-buffer component and subsets of afirst number of memory devices connected to the command-buffercomponent, the method comprising: receiving, at the command-buffercomponent, a controller clock-enable signal; awakening thecommand-buffer component from a low-power state responsive to thecontroller clock-enable signal; receiving, at the awakenedcommand-buffer component, a power command with encoded chip-selectsignals; decoding the encoded chip-select signals to a second number ofmemory-device clock-enable signals, the second number less than thefirst number; and issuing the memory-device clock-enable signals to thesecond number of the memory devices to enable the second number of thememory devices.
 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising:receiving, at the awakened command-buffer component, an activatecommand; and forwarding the activate command to the first number ofmemory devices.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:receiving, at the awakened command-buffer component, a read command;asserting chip-select signals, responsive to the read command, selectingmore than the second number of the memory devices; and issuing secondmemory-device clock-enable signals to the second number of the memorydevices to enable the second number of the memory devices.
 16. Themethod of claim 13, wherein the memory devices communicate data viadata-buffer components, the method further comprising sending a bufferclock-enable signal to the data-buffer components responsive to thecontroller clock-enable signal.
 17. The method of claim 13, furthercomprising reading a value from a configuration register, the valueindicating the second number.
 18. A command-buffer component comprising:a controller interface to receive a controller command and a controllerclock-enable signal; means for decoding the controller command to afirst number of memory-device clock-enable signals; and memoryinterfaces to connect the command-buffer component to a second number ofmemory devices and convey the first number of memory-device clock-enablesignals to respective ones of the second number of memory devices. 19.The command-buffer component of claim 18, wherein the first number isless than the second number.
 20. The command-buffer component of claim19, further comprising a register to store a value indicative of thefirst number.
 21. The command-buffer component of claim 19, the meansfor decoding to decode chip-select signals from the controller command,the chip-select signals identifying a subset of the memory devices, anddirecting the first number of clock-enable signals to the subset of thememory devices responsive to the decoded chip-select signals.